Course

(Approximate Percentage of Examination by Content Area):22 % Core knowledge-geography; Judaism, christianity, and Islam; Islam factions:Sunnism and Shi'ism; ethnicity: demography, density, and diversity; Arab-Islamic imperial legacies; Safavid and Ottoman imperial systems; Russo- Persian wars and Russo-Ottoman wars; role of women in traditional Islamic societies; 8% 19th century background: the European impact-challenges to Ottoman traditional systems; the Palmerston system: protecting the route to India (Suez Canal) and Halting Russian expansion; the emergence of Imperial Germany and the Berlin-Baghdad railroad; British-Russian rivalries in Iran (the Caucasus, the Caspian, and Central Asia); 19th-century European Middle East imperialism (North Africa, Egypt, and Persian Gulf); the rise of Jewish nationalism; western economic influence and technology transfer; 7% Early 20th century: further modernization-western-influenced elites; constitutions; other western ideologies; technologies; 13% The First World War and the Middle East-patterns of alliances; Britain's four promises (to the Russians, French, Arabs, and Jews); United States war and postwar contributions; Arab uprising against the Ottoman Empire; 14% The interwar period (1919-1939)-the rise of petroleum politics; the mandate system: British, French, Italian; Arab popular movements against imperial powers; Atatürk's secular reforms and influences; the rise of Pahlavi Iran; interwar Palestine; changing roles of women (education, voting, official positions); 3% The Middle East During the Second World War-Rommel in North Africa; allies in North Africa; allies in Iran; postwar settlements with the Soviet Union; 11% New Nations and Soviet-United States Rivalry (1945-1956)-partition plan in Palestine and the formation of Israel; the Truman Doctrine and the Northern Tier; rise of the Arab states; France and revolutions in North African states; Iran and the control of oil; Nasser and the Suez crisis (Arab nationalism); Baathism and Arab socialism; emergence of Soviet- United States rivalry in the Middle East; decline of British influence;democratization in Turkey; 12% From the Resolution of the Suez Crisis to the Iranian Revolution (1956-1979)- Lebanon: communal issues and the Eisenhower Doctrine; the 1958 crisis in Iraq; the 1967 War and its impact; the 1973 War and the Camp David agreements; internal Israeli politics and society; Iran from Mussadegh to Khomeini; Islamic resurgence; 10% From the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan to the Persian Gulf Crisis (1979-1990)-the Soviet invasion and its aftermath;background of Lebanon crisis and the 1982 Israeli invasion; Palestinian diaspora in Jordan, Syria, and Lebanon;postrevolutionary Iran: internal and external effects; state and group terroristic tactics; Baathism in power: Syria and Iraq; the Iran-Iraq War; the oil cartel, OPEC, and the Persian Gulf; From Camp David to the Intifada; the Persian Gulf War.